Wow, Incredible Evidence That Universe Is Not Symmetric After All

Hello and 4% this is Anton and today we're going to be discussing this relatively new and somewhat intriguing paper but might have discovered something really unusual about the universe, something that nobody expected. The universe, or at least the early universe, might have not really been symmetric, or in other words, it seemed to have some kind of preference in terms of what we usually refer to as

hand-edness, or I guess symmetry. Or to give you a slightly better, more realistic explanation if we were to create a bunch of stuff in the entire universe, we would assume that the equal amount of inverse or mirrored stuff would exist as well. So for every particle you'd find an antiparticle, and for every particle antiparticle pair, they would essentially resemble mirror images. Although in this case this

particular mirror image can refer to any property, here's an example of a mirror image of charge. With the expectation being that we generally expect the universe to have both an equal amount in order to basically make sense. In particle physics there are other types of symmetry including something known as parity, which to some extent refers to hand-edness, or which way a typical particle would be spinning.

And so overall for many many years, such as expected all particles to basically be symmetric in every single way. But in physics there's also something known as CP violation, referring to certain unique violations of symmetry in certain types of particles. We've actually discussed this in one of the previous videos, but there was a discovery back in the 60s that eventually led to the Nobel Prize with

the actual story being a little bit more controversial. But the main point being that CP violation or the violation of the symmetry seems to exist in certain sabatomic particles around the universe. But if you want to just read about this, you can also read the article about the so-called bull experiment. This is a pretty intriguing story, and in essence shows us that something is actually going

on in a universe after all. But in this case this was a very small scale. As it showed us that certain particles seem to have a violation of symmetry, but the vast majority out there seem to not. Most of the stuff seem to be symmetric. And by itself this presents a small problem. The problem being that how do we explain how everything actually exists? Or basically

of a second, annihilating and leading energy behind. Or just to rephrase this, if the entire universe was actually symmetrical everywhere, technically everything should have been gone long-term ago, with all the particles annihilating in the process. If symmetrical the universe should have produced an equal amount of matter and antimatter. And so something here just doesn't add up. Even though a lot of things in the modern universe

seem to be symmetric, maybe this was not always the case. Maybe the early universe was as symmetric thus explaining how matter was able to survive so long, and why there is more matter than antimatter. With everything eventually becoming symmetrical over time. And that's of course something that has been confirmed. For example, we know that all electromagnetic forces seem to be symmetrical, and no asymmetry has ever

been observed. But we also know that electromagneticism did not exist for the first few moments of the existence of the universe. With the electromagnetic force even connected to something known as the weak force, which we know contains asymmetrical features. Which already hints at the potential asymmetry of early universe. But all of these so far are just hints and just theories. Is there any physical evidence? Do

we have any evidence for any of this? Or is this just as theoretical as dark matter? And looks like the paper behind me points at this really strange evidence. Something that currently has absolutely no explanation. So let's discuss this in a little bit more detail, talk a little bit more about how this was discovered, and what ramifications this might have. It was obviously a little bit

long, but in a nutshell the site I did here was sort of intriguing and really really interesting. They essentially realized that when it comes to mirror images, or basically parody, the most simple three dimensional shape, whose mirror images are going to be different, is a tetrahedron. Or in other words, a tetrahedron is the simplest possible shape that cannot be rotated into its mirror image in three

dimensions, the simplest 3D shape that has unique mirror images. And so the site is behind this paper. So if we see this, we'll hypothetically, can we actually discover a bunch of these tetrahedrons out there in the universe and see if the overall amount of them is going to be more or less equal, basically left-sided or left-handed and right-handed, or if there's going to be some kind

of preference. Is there going to be a larger number of, let's just say certain tetrahedrons compared to other ones? Just for the six of simplicity, let's call them left-handed and right-handed. And obviously modern theories and modern understanding of the universe suggest that they should be equal, no matter where we look, we should see equal amounts, and that's independent of what we look at. And so how

do we even look for this tetrahedron out there? Obviously we're not going to be able to find specific shapes or specific stars of this shape. Well, what they did was kind of brilliant. They realized that they can actually connect us to various galaxies, specifically distances to galaxies compared to one another. In this case, the tetrahedron is formed by four separate galaxies, with a distance between each

galaxies represented as our one, our two, and our three. And as you can see from the formula, our one is the smallest distance, our three is the largest. Or just to rephrase this, they looked at quadruplets of various galaxies out there. And the only thing that they had to know about these galaxies was the overall distance between them based on various redshift calculations. But to make

calculations and observations much easier, they focused on galaxies known as LRG, luminous red galaxies, and specifically 280,000 such galaxies from the B-aryon oscillation spectroscopic survey and 800,000 other observations from a slightly different survey that was conducted by the same program. So basically they looked at over million very bright galaxies whose properties were quite well known. And then they created these hypothetical four point correlation functions out

of all of these galaxies. This actually created something like million truly in different possibilities, all based on three-dimensional vectors formed by individual galaxies. Now once again, in theory, we should expect premiums of these left-handed and right-handed tetrahedra, no matter what kind of galaxies you look at, no matter where they located, simply based on the idea of random distribution of matter across the universe. Now there might

be some chunks slightly more concentrated than others, but as you average everything out, it should be more or less equal. But once they applied mathematical analysis to all this, they discovered that in the first sample the actual evidence for non-symmetry was really significant, specifically 3.1 seconds. And then the second sample was the first one, which is already a huge discovery when it comes to new physics.

For the second sample, producing something even higher at 7.1 sigma. And none of this can be explained by modern theories of gravity, any kind of evolution of the universe, expansion of the universe, or even more hypothetical, less accepted theories. Or just to rephrase this, there is absolutely no explanation for why this was detected. And then, right after the Big Bang, potentially during the inflation period and

before the fundamental forces became the way they are. And so as the universe suddenly expanded, for some reason, it seemed to have some kind of preference for certain symmetry. And then, as the universe evolved over time, and as things like cosmic web provided the foundation for new galaxies, over time all of these new galaxies started to position themselves in what seems to be preferred type of

a symmetry, creating a kind of a symmetric imbalance. Although the actual source of this symmetry is obviously unknown, and will be currently impossible to determine. And because of this unusual, somat groundbreaking discovery, it's also important to talk about potential errors. And while in terms of errors, there might be some bias here. As an observation of bias. So far, this is all just based on the release

from SDSS and just one million galaxies out there. We've actually discussed this previously, but the release from SDSS so far only covers this much of the universe. So basically doesn't cover the entire universe around us, mostly because of the way that these telescopes work, where they usually look during nighttime, and how certain regions become so unavailable. And so in theory, maybe just in these locations, the

things that are slightly more cited. Maybe if you look here for example, or over there, the actual sightness was suddenly superior. But at the moment this is really the only bias I can think of, and the only problem I found in this particular interpretation. There is however a solution to all of this in the future. Other galactic surveys, such as dark energy, spectroscopic instrument, or ESA's

Euclid telescope that's going to be launched sometime in 2023, are extremely likely to provide even more data to either prove this and find even more weirdness, or completely disprove this and discover where the mistake actually was. And so whether this was just biased that can be resolved by these telescopes, or whether this is actually something fundamental discovered here, will unfortunately only know in time. But until

then, this is a pretty big discovery. And actually, a somewhat unusual discovery that doesn't really have a very good explanation just yet. But the implication here is that, if the universe was handed in the first few moments of its existence, it seems to be still visible today, and more importantly, it might finally explain why we're even here. Why matter prevailed over antimatter, and why physical objects

were formed over the last 13.8 billion years. But what other implications does this has? I currently have no idea. It's actually a pretty big discovery, assuming that it's real. But definitely follow this up, once there is more information, more data, more explanations, or once there is some other really good explanation, to why exactly galaxies seem to form this unusual handiness. Until then, thank you for watching,

subscribe, check out all of the relevant links in the description below, where you can actually also find other unusual discoveries related to symmetry or unusual lack of symmetry in the universe that we've discussed in the last few years. Maybe support this young picture on. By doing a channel membership, or by buying the one-of-four-person teacher they can find any description. And either way, stay on the channel,

follow us tomorrow, and as always, bye bye. I'll see you next time.