Major Galactic Discoveries From James Webb Space Telescope In Early 2023

so once again it's that time of the week where I guess time of the month it's time to talk about some of the media discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope accepted in the last few months there were just way too many and so instead in this video we're going to focus on some of the main discoveries when it comes to distant galaxies and also potential

resolutions to mysteries of very distant galaxies that at first did not make sense although in this case we're only going to focus on some of the most recent discoveries from just the last few months with the main emphasis being the discoveries that kind of surprised the scientists at least a little bit or at least discoveries that were way different from what someone expected or from what

the scientists thought they would find I know they're not going to be in any specific order there are approximately 5 main discoveries in this video and the second part of this video that's going to be coming out really soon as well is going to touch on a slightly different topic it's actually going to specifically discuss the galaxies that really shocked the scientists in the first few

months of James Webb operations and we're actually going to discuss how they are no longer shocking and what the scientists learn about these galaxies in just the last couple of months you can learn more about this in that video that should be either in the description or coming out really soon but anyway so what exactly did the James Webb find in early to mid 2023 well

it's actually kind of difficult to tell but this image alone tells us that the answer is a lot for example this image contains something like 45 000 different galaxies in a relatively small patch of space but interestingly in this image alone there are approximately 700 candidates that existed in the universe between 370 and 650 million years after the big bang in other words these were high

redshift galaxies and 700 is way way more than the scientists expected to find in just a few days of observations that were conducted by the agm's lab pretty much all of the early galaxies in all of the images before that all resembled little red smudges but in a lot of those cases it was impossible to determine the exact distance as a matter of fact we only

knew the redshift for these galaxies but determining the exact distance based on redshift level was usually not very accurate mostly because in some cases some galaxies are just more red naturally or they might contain a lot of dust that can actually block a lot of light but the distance appearing much farther than it actually is but James Webb's Space Telescope has one advantage it's able to

create very accurate spectral data shown as different frequencies from these very distant galaxies and by having a much wider spectrum of different I guess colors from a distant Galaxy the scientists can then extremely accurately determine the distance to a certain Galaxy which is what the scientists have actually been doing in the last few months ever since a lot of these early discoveries and so for example

of all the light from this galaxy came from the universe when it was only about 1.5 billion years old but in this light the astronomers have noticed that there seems to be a presence of what's known as pah polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons intriguing organic molecules cyclical carbon molecules that might have even served as the initial building blocks for a lot of organic molecules that led to life

although here on Earth we usually associate these molecules with things like smog various oil compounds such as Benzene or even suits produced by a typical fire but when it comes to space Sciences finding pH Somewhere Out There usually indicates very active star formation because usually these types of dust grains drift between various Stars following various Supernova but they're also really good at absorbing light and then

remitting it as infrared which is of course how the James Webb was able to see them and so here these molecules indicate very high production of stars completely unexpected for a Galaxy so early in the universe and more importantly it doesn't seem to be uniformly distributed in other words it doesn't seem to be all in one place it seems to be in various chunks around the

Galaxy possibly suggesting some kind of a disturbance within the Galaxy itself or maybe interaction with something else so for example maybe we're looking at a Galaxy that's colliding with something else or is being tightly disrupted by something else and that turns out to be maybe the case as described in this paper released not so long afterwards by studying this initial Galaxy completely by accident the scientist

discovered a potential partner a partner that might be only 20 000 light years away from the main Galaxy implying that this galaxy might not be alone but is indeed interacting and colliding with something else but what surprised the scientist is exactly what this thing was it was another galaxy but it seemed to contain metallicity very similar to our own sun in other words various elements such

as carbon oxygen nitrogen seem to be an exactly similar proportions to what we expect from a much older object that's at least 4 billion years old such as our sun that went through several generations of stars exploding collecting dust exploding again and building heavier and heavier elements but in this case this is a young Galaxy only one and a half billion years old which implies that

it must have had extremely active star formation with huge amounts of different Supernova and huge amounts of Elemental enrichment that must have happened very very fast and based on the amount of nitrogen relative to oxygen it really implied that this galaxy must have evolved super fast the metallicity here is typical of a star that's about 13 billion years old which means that these stars must have

evolved at least 10 times faster but because this unusual Galaxy is very close to that other Galaxy with the word of polycyclic aromatic compounds in them at the moment this is probably one of the more intriguing objects to study and the object that's probably going to bring even more discoveries in the future so at least for now this is just another mystery we're going to keep

track of waiting for some more observations and more studies then we have this other discovery of another really unusual Galaxy currently referred to as gs9209 this one must have formed 600 to 800 living years after the big bang and it seems to be the earliest Galaxy of its kind that we found so far but what makes this strange well first of all it seems to be

a around 10 times more than our own galaxy The Milky Way but surprisingly it seems to also have the same number of stars in other words it seems to be a much denser chunk of stars in a much smaller volume and more importantly this galaxy is now what's known as quiet Essence it does not produce any more stars at least for now and here the scientists

believe that all this is most likely because of some kind of a massive black hole in the center that first of all collected all of these stars but then through very powerful emissions and threw a war of Galactic wind shut down the star formation making this galaxy quiet or in this case the light from this galaxy is coming from the redshift of 4.1 or essentially when

the universe was about 1.25 billion years old but intriguing Windows galaxy has not produced any new stars for at least 500 million years and the only explanation so far is the presence of a really massive black hole potentially even 5 times larger than what we expect from a typical galaxy of the same size and so here the surprises that this galaxy is just as massive as

The Milky Way but no longer produces new stars despite being only maybe about 500 million years old which once again reminds us of how extremely powerful sambal alcohols are and how they're able to control Galactic Evolution then we had another first discovery the discovery of the first proto-cluster or essentially an object that one day is going to become a really massive Galactic cluster similar to the

ones we usually observe in the night skies for example the famous Virgo cluster that contains the m87 Galaxy is somewhat similar to what the scientist belief is forming here as well and so here the scientists discovered seven individual galaxies that at first appear to be random but are actually at exactly the same distance and are slowly coming closer together this is when the universe was only

about 650 million years old and so because they all seem to be at the same redshift and also all appear to be moving toward one another this essentially shows us how clusters formed billions of years ago and previously it was actually kind of impossible to study the evolution of Galactic clusters mostly because seeing these galaxies together so far away was kind of impossible but the instruments

on the James Webb were designed specifically for that and are thus able to see these independent galaxies that are definitely forming a larger structure eventually forming something really massive in the process and then of course we have the biggest Discovery or I guess the biggest confirmation of four farthest galaxies confirmed to date here the age of the universe was between 300 and 500 million years old

and the important part of this confirmation is how accurate these measurements are so far apart from just measuring the redshift here the scientists were able to collect very precise Galactic Spectrum allowing them to double check the accuracy of red shifts and determine their exact distance and the farthest Galaxy so far is the one you see right here that we've discussed not someone at all the redshift

is 13.2 when the universe was just about 300 million years old but unlike previous speculations or I guess some of the more erroneous assumptions these galaxies do not break any assumptions we had about the way in the universe evolves these galaxies are not particularly developed they're also not particularly large and specifically the stars in these galaxies are also on average much smaller or I guess to

be more specific less massive which of course implies that these Galaxies have only started evolving and thus do not violate any ideas we have about modern cosmology although here I've discussed this in more detail in the video you can find in the description but once again what is surprising is how fast these galaxies seem to be forming Stars even though they don't appear to have any

complex elements the actual star formation is ridiculously fast making these extremely active galaxies creating hundreds if not thousands of more stars than a typical galaxy in the modern universe and last but not least we had this unusual Discovery a very unusual Galaxy that seems to be really snow in size that already existed when the universe was only 500 million years old but what makes this galaxy

really unusual and somewhat exciting as a discovery is actually its size not because it's big quite the opposite because it's so tiny it seems to be only about 50 light years across we're talking about something that's about a million times more than the Milky Way but it's forming just as many stars as The Milky Way is today which of course makes this a really strange Discovery

a tiny very compact Galaxy smaller than most galaxies we've seen today but a Galaxy that's still forming huge amount of stars enough to be seen from this Distance by The Game's lab so yet another unusual discovery that we're going to be definitely following up on once the scientists discover something else but overall so many different exciting discoveries coming from distant universe and so many unusual galaxies

that we never really expected to find until recently and definitely so many more exciting discoveries to come once the scientists conduct more observations remember this is only after like a few days or even a few hours staring at the same spot and even that resulted in some incredible discoveries already and so once the telescope is ready to conduct its first official Deep Field observation we're going

to be seeing so much more but even now there are so many new releases and still so much more data to be analyzed and so many other things to talk about in some of the future videos for example there are some other images released here that still have not been analyzed very thoroughly and have just been released as a part of a general Observer program and

we also have a lot of observations of nearby galaxies conducted by both James Webb and the Chandra telescope seen everything in both infrared and x-ray light and at least for now we mostly just have the images and not the actual analysis yet but even these images are just absolutely mind-blowing shown as so much detail nobody has ever seen before which means that we're going to be

discussing some new discoveries from the James web relatively soon once again and on that note check out some of the previous videos in the description subscribe share this with someone who has our Universal space and Sciences come back tomorrow to learn something else and you can find in your description stay wonderful see you tomorrow and as always bye [Music] [Music] foreign